The Story of an Hour

by Kate Chopin · 1894

1,000 words4 min readbeginnerLiterary Fiction

Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband's death.

It was her sister Josephine who told her, in broken sentences; veiled hints that revealed in half concealing. Her husband's friend Richards was there, too, near her. It was he who had been in the newspaper office when intelligence of the railroad disaster was received, with Brently Mallard's name leading the list of "killed."

She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister's arms. When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her.


Analysis

Summary

Mrs. Mallard learns of her husband's death in a railroad accident. After initial grief, alone in her room she discovers an unexpected feeling of freedom and independence. She whispers "free, free, free!" and begins to imagine a self-directed future. When her husband unexpectedly walks through the door alive, she collapses and dies - doctors say of "joy that kills."

Plot Structure

expositionMrs. Mallard has heart trouble; news of her husband's death arrives.
rising ActionShe weeps, then retreats alone to her room where a strange feeling overtakes her.
climaxShe embraces the realization of her freedom, whispering "free, free, free!"
falling ActionShe descends the stairs, transformed, with "a feverish triumph in her eyes."
resolutionHer husband walks in alive; she collapses and dies.

Themes

Freedom & Oppression

Mrs. Mallard's brief taste of freedom reveals how deeply oppressed she felt within her marriage, even in a seemingly loving one.

Female Identity

The story examines how marriage in the 19th century could erase a woman's individual identity and autonomy.

The Irony of Fate

The cruelest irony is that the joy of freedom, not grief, is what ultimately destroys Mrs. Mallard.

Techniques

Situational Irony

The doctors' conclusion that she died of "joy that kills" is the opposite of the truth - she died from the shock of losing her newfound freedom.

"When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease -- of the joy that kills."

Symbolism

The open window represents possibility and freedom; the spring scene outside symbolizes new life and rebirth.

"She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life."

Limited Third Person

Access to Mrs. Mallard's inner thoughts reveals what society and family cannot see - her true feelings.

"Free! Body and soul free!"

Discussion Questions

  1. What does the open window symbolize in the context of Mrs. Mallard's emotional journey?
  2. How does Chopin use irony in the final line of the story?
  3. Was Mrs. Mallard's marriage unhappy? What evidence supports your view?
  4. Why is this story considered a landmark of feminist literature?
  5. How does the compressed timeframe of "an hour" intensify the story's impact?

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